Function:
- For storing, heating and holding of chemicals.
Huwebes, Hunyo 28, 2012
Laboratory Apparatuses; Part 1
Function:
- For storing, heating and holding of chemicals.
History of Chemistry
By 1000 BC, ancient civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry. Examples include extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, making pigments for cosmetics and painting, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, making cheese, dying cloth, tanning leather, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze.
Early attempts to explain the nature of matter and its transformations failed. The protoscience of chemistry, Alchemy, was also unsuccessful in explaining the nature of matter. However, by performing experiments and recording the results the alchemist set the stage for modern chemistry. This distinction begins to emerge when a clear differentiation was made between chemistry and alchemy by Robert Boyle in his work The Sceptical Chymist(1661). Chemistry then becomes a full-fledged science when Antoine Lavoisier develops his law of conservation of mass, which demands careful measurements and quantitative observations of chemical phenomena. So, while both alchemy and chemistry are concerned with the nature of matter and its transformations, it is only the chemists who apply the scientific method. The history of chemistry is intertwined with the history of thermodynamics, especially through the work of Willard Gibbs.
Lunes, Hunyo 25, 2012
College Grading System
Grading System
Students shall be graded in accordance with the following system:
| Grades | Percentage | Equivalent |
| 1.0 | 97-100 | Excellent |
| 1.25 | 94-96 | Excellent |
| 1.5 | 91-93 | Very Good |
| 1.75 | 88-90 | Very Good |
| 2.0 | 85-87 | Good |
| 2.25 | 82-84 | Good |
| 2.5 | 79-81 | Satisfactory |
| 2.75 | 76-78 | Satisfactory |
| 3.0 | 75 | Passing |
| 4.0 | 65-74 | Conditional |
| 5.0 | Failure | |
| INC | Incomplete | |
| W | Withdrawn |
A grade of "4.0" is Conditional and shall be given only during the mid-term grading period. No final grade of "4.0" shall be given.
Incomplete ("INC") is temporarily given to a student who may qualify for passing but had not complied with all requirements of the subject. Such requirement(s) must be satisfied within one year from the end of the term; otherwise, the grade automatically becomes a "5.0".
"Withdrawn" is given if the student voluntarily drops a subject and corresponding files a dropping from at any time not less than two weeks before the final examination. After this period the faculty member may only give a passing of failing grade. Withdrawn is also given when the faculty member drops the student from his roll for having exceeded the allowable number of absences.
A student who has received a passing grade in a subject shall not be allowed to take another examination for the purpose of improving his grade.
- based from PUP Official Handbook
Alchemy
Alchemy is an influential philosophical tradition whose early practitioners' claims to profound powers were known from antiquity. The defining objectives of alchemy are varied; these include the creation of the fabled philosopher's stone possessing powers including the capability of turning base metals into the noble metals gold or silver, as well as an elixir of lifeconferring youth and immortality. Western alchemy is recognized as a protoscience that contributed to the development of modern chemistry and medicine. Alchemists developed a framework of theory, terminology, experimental process and basic laboratory techniques that are still recognizable today. But alchemy differs from modern science in the inclusion of Hermetic principles and practices related to mythology, religion, and spirituality.
Branches of Chemistry
Agrochemistry - This branch of chemistry may also be called agricultural chemistry. It deals with the application of chemistry for agricultural production, food processing, and environmental remediation as a result of agriculture.
Analytical Chemistry - Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry involved with studying the properties of materials or developing tools to analyze materials.
Astrochemistry - Astrochemistry is the study of the composition and reactions of the chemical elements and molecules found in the stars and in space and of the interactions between this matter and radiation.
Biochemistry - Biochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical reactions that occur inside living organisms.
Chemical Engineering - Chemical engineering involves the practical application of chemistry to solve problems.
Chemistry History - Chemistry history is the branch of chemistry and history that traces the evolution over time of chemistry as a science. To some extent, alchemy is included as a topic of chemistry history.
Cluster Chemistry - This branch of chemistry involves the study of clusters of bound atoms, intermediate in size between single molecules and bulk solids.
Combinatorial Chemistry - Combinatorial chemistry involves computer simulation of molecules and reactions between molecules.
Electrochemistry - Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that involves the study of chemical reactions in a solution at the interface between an ionic conductor and an electrical conductor. Electrochemistry may be considered to be the study of electron transfer, particularly within an electrolytic solution.
Environmental Chemistry - Environmental chemistry is the chemistry associated with soil, air, and water and of human impact on natural systems.
Food Chemistry - Food chemistry is the branch of chemistry associated with the chemical processes of all aspects of food. Many aspects of food chemistry rely on biochemistry, but it incorporates other disciplines as well.
General Chemistry - General chemistry examines the structure of matter and the reaction between matter and energy. It is the basis for the other branches of chemistry.
Geochemistry - Geochemistry is the study of chemical composition and chemical processes associated with the Earth and other planets.
Green Chemistry - Green chemistry is concerned with processes and products that eliminate or reduce the use or release of hazardous substances. Remediation may be considered part of green chemistry.
Inorganic Chemistry - Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the structure and interactions between inorganic compounds, which are any compounds that aren't based in carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Kinetics - Kinetics examines the rate at which chemical reactions occur and the factors that affect the rate of chemical processes.
Medicinal Chemistry - Medicinal chemistry is chemistry as it applies to pharmacology and medicine.
Nanochemistry - Nanochemistry is concerned with the assembly and properties of nanoscale assemblies of atoms or molecules.
Nuclear Chemistry - Nuclear chemistry is the branch of chemistry associated with nuclear reactions and isotopes.
Organic Chemistry - This branch of chemistry deals with the chemistry of carbon and living things.
Photochemistry - Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with interactions between light and matter.
Physical Chemistry - Physical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that applies physics to the study of chemistry. Quantum mechanics and thermodyamics are examples of physical chemistry disciplines.
Polymer Chemistry - Polymer chemistry or macromolecular chemistry is the branch of chemistry the examines the structure and properties of macromolecules and polymers and finds new ways to synthesize these molecules.
Solid State Chemistry - Solid state chemistry is the branch of chemistry that is focused on the structure, properties, and chemical processes that occur in the solid phase. Much of solid state chemistry deals with the synthesis and characterization of new solid state materials.
Spectroscopy - Spectroscopy examines the interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation as a function of wavelength. Spectroscopy commonly is used to detect and identify chemicals based on their spectroscopic signatures.
Thermochemistry - Thermochemistry may be considered a type of Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry involves the study of thermal effects of chemical reactions and the thermal energy exchange between processes.
Theoretical Chemistry - Theoretical chemistry applies chemistry and physics calculations to explain or make predictions about chemical phenomena.
For more info, visit the like below from About.com
http://chemistry.about.com/od/branchesofchemistry/a/branchesofchemistry.htm
Analytical Chemistry - Analytical chemistry is the branch of chemistry involved with studying the properties of materials or developing tools to analyze materials.
Astrochemistry - Astrochemistry is the study of the composition and reactions of the chemical elements and molecules found in the stars and in space and of the interactions between this matter and radiation.
Biochemistry - Biochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical reactions that occur inside living organisms.
Chemical Engineering - Chemical engineering involves the practical application of chemistry to solve problems.
Chemistry History - Chemistry history is the branch of chemistry and history that traces the evolution over time of chemistry as a science. To some extent, alchemy is included as a topic of chemistry history.
Cluster Chemistry - This branch of chemistry involves the study of clusters of bound atoms, intermediate in size between single molecules and bulk solids.
Combinatorial Chemistry - Combinatorial chemistry involves computer simulation of molecules and reactions between molecules.
Electrochemistry - Electrochemistry is the branch of chemistry that involves the study of chemical reactions in a solution at the interface between an ionic conductor and an electrical conductor. Electrochemistry may be considered to be the study of electron transfer, particularly within an electrolytic solution.
Environmental Chemistry - Environmental chemistry is the chemistry associated with soil, air, and water and of human impact on natural systems.
Food Chemistry - Food chemistry is the branch of chemistry associated with the chemical processes of all aspects of food. Many aspects of food chemistry rely on biochemistry, but it incorporates other disciplines as well.
General Chemistry - General chemistry examines the structure of matter and the reaction between matter and energy. It is the basis for the other branches of chemistry.
Geochemistry - Geochemistry is the study of chemical composition and chemical processes associated with the Earth and other planets.
Green Chemistry - Green chemistry is concerned with processes and products that eliminate or reduce the use or release of hazardous substances. Remediation may be considered part of green chemistry.
Inorganic Chemistry - Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that deals with the structure and interactions between inorganic compounds, which are any compounds that aren't based in carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Kinetics - Kinetics examines the rate at which chemical reactions occur and the factors that affect the rate of chemical processes.
Medicinal Chemistry - Medicinal chemistry is chemistry as it applies to pharmacology and medicine.
Nanochemistry - Nanochemistry is concerned with the assembly and properties of nanoscale assemblies of atoms or molecules.
Nuclear Chemistry - Nuclear chemistry is the branch of chemistry associated with nuclear reactions and isotopes.
Organic Chemistry - This branch of chemistry deals with the chemistry of carbon and living things.
Photochemistry - Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with interactions between light and matter.
Physical Chemistry - Physical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that applies physics to the study of chemistry. Quantum mechanics and thermodyamics are examples of physical chemistry disciplines.
Polymer Chemistry - Polymer chemistry or macromolecular chemistry is the branch of chemistry the examines the structure and properties of macromolecules and polymers and finds new ways to synthesize these molecules.
Solid State Chemistry - Solid state chemistry is the branch of chemistry that is focused on the structure, properties, and chemical processes that occur in the solid phase. Much of solid state chemistry deals with the synthesis and characterization of new solid state materials.
Spectroscopy - Spectroscopy examines the interactions between matter and electromagnetic radiation as a function of wavelength. Spectroscopy commonly is used to detect and identify chemicals based on their spectroscopic signatures.
Thermochemistry - Thermochemistry may be considered a type of Physical Chemistry. Thermochemistry involves the study of thermal effects of chemical reactions and the thermal energy exchange between processes.
Theoretical Chemistry - Theoretical chemistry applies chemistry and physics calculations to explain or make predictions about chemical phenomena.
For more info, visit the like below from About.com
http://chemistry.about.com/od/branchesofchemistry/a/branchesofchemistry.htm
Welcome to the World of College!
After my first week in my college life, I know that something change. It's not like high school anymore. Of course, you can't say that this is much more difficult than high school because t is just the beginning. Although it is just the start of a whole new experience, I still need to adapt...
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